The paper, “Human Risk of Infection with
Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Agent, in Eastern United States”1
designates most of Virginia and the entire south below and west of Virginia as a
low risk area for Lyme disease. The authors state, “The absence of infected
host-seeking nymphs in most southern states suggests reported cases may be
mostly misdiagnosis or travel.” Because their 6- to 8-year-old data are in
contrast to recent data from Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and
Florida,2–5 I am concerned that harm to southern patients and public health
efforts could occur if medical professionals used this work to aid in diagnosis
and consideration of risk as the authors suggest they do.
Although bites from Ixodes scapularis ticks and Lyme disease are not as common as in the northeast, they do occur. North Carolina declared a central county (Wake) endemic for Lyme disease in 20106 and a growing number of other counties have had one local case meeting state and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards. As of 2011, Virginia had declared about two-thirds of their counties endemic for Lyme disease including at least seven in the far west and five along the Virginia-North Carolina border.2
By the authors' own description their methods for collecting I. scapularis ticks including seasonality and drags were not suitable for the south, although acknowledging that these ticks are widespread in the region. Thus, following their sampling criteria based on northern methods, they collected only 1 tick each in Alabama and Georgia (in 2004), five in North Carolina (in 2005 and 2006), and 2 in South Carolina (2004 and 2005). Other states in the deep south were not sampled for this paper (see supplemental materials online)1,7,8; these few numbers cannot be expected to produce reliable results for the density of infected ticks. The sparse number of ticks collected was attributed to different host-seeking behavior from northern climes. These different behaviors are used to explain the lower likelihood of humans being bitten in the south. Although there is some merit to this argument, such assumptions may need further exploration now that there is evidence of emerging disease in the south and widespread I. scapularis tick populations.9
Tick populations are dynamic. Studies have found significant variation in abundance and activity patterns among years and habitats.10,11 Generalizing from short-term or spatially limited studies, as this study1 did for southern regions, is not recommended. As stated by Schulze and others, “Failure to recognize the biases in … sampling techniques can potentially lead to incorrect conclusions that can have significant public health consequences.”12 For example, in contrast to the Yale data, a 2006 study conducted by Smith and others in Chatham County, North Carolina collected 3,446 ticks of which 15 were nymphal I. scapularis. Forty percent of these were positive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato.3
The authors state their maps (which show zero risk of infected ticks and low risk for Lyme disease for all of the south below Virginia except an emerging coastal area in North Carolina) may be used to make personal protection decisions, to plan efficient allocation of public health resources, and to assist the medical community in considering diagnosis and treatment decisions. Global models and out-of-date data for Lyme disease demand cautious interpretation when it comes to public health recommendations and individual diagnosis and treatment decisions. Evidence-based medicine's need for up-to-date local data supersedes the use of the Yale Lyme disease risk maps.
©The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene's Re-use License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
References
1.↵
Diuk-Wasser MA,
Hoes AG,
Cislo P,
Brinkhoff R,
Hamer SA,
Rowland M,
Cortinas R,
Vourc’h G,
Melton F,
Hickling GJ,
Tsao JI,
Bunikis J,
Barbour AG,
Kitron U,
Piesman J,
Fish D
, 2012. Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, in eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg86: 320– 327.
Abstract/FREE Full Text
2.↵
Department of Health, Commonwealth of Virginia
, 2011. Available at: http://www.vdh.state.va.us/clinician...%20Disease.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2012.
3.↵
Smith MP,
Ponnusamy L,
Jiang J,
Ayyash LA,
Richards AL,
Apperson CS
, 2010. Bacterial pathogens in ixodid ticks from a Piedmont County in North Carolina: prevalence of rickettsial organisms. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis10: 939– 952.
CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science
4.
West Virginia Tickborne Disease Surveillance Summary
, 2000–2010. Available at: http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/...%20Summary.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2012.
5.↵
Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental Public Health Medicine. Lyme Disease
. Available at: http://www.myfloridaeh.com/medicine/...me_disease.htm. Accessed March 5, 2012.
6.↵
Quillin M,
Blythe A
, 2010. Lyme disease found in Wake. Available at: http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/03/...d-in-wake.html. Accessed March 6, 2012.
7.↵
Diuk-Wasser MA,
Vourc’h G,
Cislo P,
Hoen AG,
Melton F,
Hamer SA,
Rowland M,
Cortinas R,
Hickling GJ,
Tsao JI,
Barbour AG,
Kitron U,
Piesman J,
Fish D
, 2010. Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States. Glob Ecol Biogeogr19: 504– 14.
Web of Science
8.↵
Diuk-Wasser MA,
Gatewood AG,
Cortinas MR,
Yaremych-Hamer S,
Tsao J,
Kitron U,
Hickling G,
Brownstein JS,
Walker F,
Piesman J,
Fish D
, 2006. Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol43: 166– 176.
CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science
9.↵
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection Diseases
. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/geographic_...ml#blacklegged. Accessed November 7, 2011.
10.↵
Ostfeld RS,
Hazler KR,
Cepeda OM
, 1996. Temporal and spatial dynamics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a rural landscape. J Med Entomol33: 90– 95.
MedlineWeb of Science
11.↵
Daniels TJ,
Falco RC,
Fish D
, 2000. Population size and drag sampling efficiency for the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol37: 357– 363.
CrossRefMedline
12.
Schulze TL,
Jordan RA,
Hung RW
, 1997. Biases associated with several sampling methods used to estimate abundance of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol34: 615– 623.
MedlineWeb of Science
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/86/6/1085
Although bites from Ixodes scapularis ticks and Lyme disease are not as common as in the northeast, they do occur. North Carolina declared a central county (Wake) endemic for Lyme disease in 20106 and a growing number of other counties have had one local case meeting state and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards. As of 2011, Virginia had declared about two-thirds of their counties endemic for Lyme disease including at least seven in the far west and five along the Virginia-North Carolina border.2
By the authors' own description their methods for collecting I. scapularis ticks including seasonality and drags were not suitable for the south, although acknowledging that these ticks are widespread in the region. Thus, following their sampling criteria based on northern methods, they collected only 1 tick each in Alabama and Georgia (in 2004), five in North Carolina (in 2005 and 2006), and 2 in South Carolina (2004 and 2005). Other states in the deep south were not sampled for this paper (see supplemental materials online)1,7,8; these few numbers cannot be expected to produce reliable results for the density of infected ticks. The sparse number of ticks collected was attributed to different host-seeking behavior from northern climes. These different behaviors are used to explain the lower likelihood of humans being bitten in the south. Although there is some merit to this argument, such assumptions may need further exploration now that there is evidence of emerging disease in the south and widespread I. scapularis tick populations.9
Tick populations are dynamic. Studies have found significant variation in abundance and activity patterns among years and habitats.10,11 Generalizing from short-term or spatially limited studies, as this study1 did for southern regions, is not recommended. As stated by Schulze and others, “Failure to recognize the biases in … sampling techniques can potentially lead to incorrect conclusions that can have significant public health consequences.”12 For example, in contrast to the Yale data, a 2006 study conducted by Smith and others in Chatham County, North Carolina collected 3,446 ticks of which 15 were nymphal I. scapularis. Forty percent of these were positive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato.3
The authors state their maps (which show zero risk of infected ticks and low risk for Lyme disease for all of the south below Virginia except an emerging coastal area in North Carolina) may be used to make personal protection decisions, to plan efficient allocation of public health resources, and to assist the medical community in considering diagnosis and treatment decisions. Global models and out-of-date data for Lyme disease demand cautious interpretation when it comes to public health recommendations and individual diagnosis and treatment decisions. Evidence-based medicine's need for up-to-date local data supersedes the use of the Yale Lyme disease risk maps.
©The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene's Re-use License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
References
1.↵
Diuk-Wasser MA,
Hoes AG,
Cislo P,
Brinkhoff R,
Hamer SA,
Rowland M,
Cortinas R,
Vourc’h G,
Melton F,
Hickling GJ,
Tsao JI,
Bunikis J,
Barbour AG,
Kitron U,
Piesman J,
Fish D
, 2012. Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, in eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg86: 320– 327.
Abstract/FREE Full Text
2.↵
Department of Health, Commonwealth of Virginia
, 2011. Available at: http://www.vdh.state.va.us/clinician...%20Disease.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2012.
3.↵
Smith MP,
Ponnusamy L,
Jiang J,
Ayyash LA,
Richards AL,
Apperson CS
, 2010. Bacterial pathogens in ixodid ticks from a Piedmont County in North Carolina: prevalence of rickettsial organisms. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis10: 939– 952.
CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science
4.
West Virginia Tickborne Disease Surveillance Summary
, 2000–2010. Available at: http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/...%20Summary.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2012.
5.↵
Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental Public Health Medicine. Lyme Disease
. Available at: http://www.myfloridaeh.com/medicine/...me_disease.htm. Accessed March 5, 2012.
6.↵
Quillin M,
Blythe A
, 2010. Lyme disease found in Wake. Available at: http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/03/...d-in-wake.html. Accessed March 6, 2012.
7.↵
Diuk-Wasser MA,
Vourc’h G,
Cislo P,
Hoen AG,
Melton F,
Hamer SA,
Rowland M,
Cortinas R,
Hickling GJ,
Tsao JI,
Barbour AG,
Kitron U,
Piesman J,
Fish D
, 2010. Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States. Glob Ecol Biogeogr19: 504– 14.
Web of Science
8.↵
Diuk-Wasser MA,
Gatewood AG,
Cortinas MR,
Yaremych-Hamer S,
Tsao J,
Kitron U,
Hickling G,
Brownstein JS,
Walker F,
Piesman J,
Fish D
, 2006. Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol43: 166– 176.
CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science
9.↵
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection Diseases
. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/geographic_...ml#blacklegged. Accessed November 7, 2011.
10.↵
Ostfeld RS,
Hazler KR,
Cepeda OM
, 1996. Temporal and spatial dynamics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a rural landscape. J Med Entomol33: 90– 95.
MedlineWeb of Science
11.↵
Daniels TJ,
Falco RC,
Fish D
, 2000. Population size and drag sampling efficiency for the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol37: 357– 363.
CrossRefMedline
12.
Schulze TL,
Jordan RA,
Hung RW
, 1997. Biases associated with several sampling methods used to estimate abundance of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol34: 615– 623.
MedlineWeb of Science
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/86/6/1085
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